A European Union’s designation of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) as a terrorist organization is mainly declarative but carries legal and deterrence implications. Until now, enforcement largely depended on U.S. sanctions, with European compliance shaped by extraterritorial exposure rather than EU law. The designation
Abstract This report analyzes Iran’s information warfare during the December 2025 – January 2026 protests and its parallel influence efforts targeting Israel and the West. Facing widespread economic unrest, the regime used physical repression and a coordinated narrative campaign, labeling demonstrators as agents of the
With the recent elimination of Sheikh Ayman al-Zawahiri at the end of July 2022 and the rise of the new leader for al-Qaeda, Sheik Saif Al-Adel, the organization is now in a position to strengthen its ties with Iran further. While it may seem odd
Introduction On December 28, 2025, protests erupted in Iran and rapidly expanded to additional cities and regions across the country. This wave of unrest is marked by heightened intensity and an unusually broad geographic scope. Although the immediate collapse of the regime appears improbable, the
